EMDEN
11 aircraft - 7 Wellingtons, 3 Stirlings, 1 Halifax - dispatched but could only bomb through cloud on dead-reckoning positions. 2 Wellingtons lost.
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6 Mosquitoes to Germany. 3 aircraft bombed the Cologne, Essen and Mnster areas through thick cloud. No aircraft lost.
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BREMEN
251 aircraft - 98 Wellingtons, 76 Lancasters, 41 Halifaxes, 36 Stirlings. 12 aircraft - 7 Wellingtons, 3 Lancasters, 1 Halifax, 1 Stirling - lost, 48 percent of the force.
The Pathfinders introduced new techniques on this night, splitting their aircraft into 3 forces: 'illuminators', who ht up the area with white flares; 'visual markers', who dropped coloured flares if they had identified the aiming point; then 'backers-up', who dropped all-incendiary bomb loads on to the coloured flares. This basic pattern - illuminating, marking and backing-up - would form the basis of most future Pathfinder operations with proper target-indicator bombs and various electronic bombing aids being employed as they became available.
The weather was clear and the Pathfinder plan worked well; heavy bombing of the target followed. Bremen confirms that this was a successful raid. Property was hit as follows.
Approximately 6,000 further houses suffered broken windows. After the raid, the local authority telegraphed to Berlin, asking for 3 companies of men for glass, roof and other minor repair work and 1,000 tons of fuel and repair materials. Among the industrial buildings seriously hit were the Weser aircraft works and the Atlas shipyard. 4 dockside warehouses were destroyed and 3 oil-storage tanks were burnt out. Various public buildings together with 7 schools and 3 hospitals were hit. 124 people were killed and 470 injured. The local report adds, 'It was no comfort for the hard pressed population that one bomber was shot down by Flak. The people knew that the Flak could not protect the town effectively.'
3 Wellingtons laid mines in the Frisian Islands without loss.
